|
Declaration of Sentiments
ratified July 20, 1848
at the Convention on
Women's Rights
Seneca Falls,
New York
The Drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments
by Bill Treichler
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a housewife and mother of Seneca Falls, was the primary organizer of the first Women's Rights Convention. On July 9, 1848, she met several friends at a tea held at the home of Jane Hunt in honor ot the well-known Quaker minister from Philadelphia, Lucretia Mott. Also present at the historic tea were Martha Wright and Marianne McClintock.
At this time Mrs. Stanton voiced her concerns about the position of women. Women had no property rights, no child custody rights. Women worked in the mills in Seneca Falls, but made less money than men doing comparable work. When women did earn wages, their husbands were entitled to them. Women could not inherit their husbands' estates. They could not be guardians to their own children. They could not attend college or enter any profession except teaching. The group decided to hold a convention on Women's Rights.
A few days later, they got together to draft a Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on The Declaration of Independence. This declaration was written primarily by Stanton. The convention was held one week later on July 20, 1848, with 300 men and women present.
At the convention, Stanton arose to read her Declaration of Sentiments. When she reached the words calling for the right of women to vote, the convention exploded. Overcome, she sat down. Then Frederick Douglass, the famous Black reformer, stood up to address the convention. His eloquence persuaded the convention to ratify the Declaration of Sentiments, and it was signed by 68 women and 32 men. Other members of the convention refused to sign a document so extreme as to ask for the right of women to vote. The first Women's Rights Convention was successful partly because the spirit of reform was already alive in Seneca Falls.
Anti-slavery and temperance societies were flourishing. Many of these reformers believed that people could effect salvation for themselves as well as for society. These people, including many Quakers, responded to the call to discuss rights for women.
The Declaration of Sentiments
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course.
We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
Whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled.
The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.
He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men—both slaves and foreigners.
Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.
He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.
He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband. In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master—the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement.
He has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what shall be the proper causes of divorce; in case of separation, to whom the guardianship of the children shall be given, as to be wholly regardless of the happiness of women—the law, in all cases, going upon the false supposition of supremacy of man, and giving all power into his hands.
After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognized her only when her property can be made profitable to it.
He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration.
He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction, which he considers most honorable to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.
He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education—all colleges being closed against her.
He allows her in Church as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry, and, with some exceptions, from any public participation in the affairs of the Church.
He has created a false public sentiment, by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society, are not only tolerated but deemed of little account in man.
He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her conscience and her God.
He had endeavored, in everyway that he could to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.
Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation,—in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred right, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States.
In entering upon the great work before us, we anticipate no small amount of misconception, misrepresentation, and ridicule; but we shall use every instrumentality within our power to effect our object. We shall employ agents, circulate tracts, petition the State and national Legislatures, and endeavor to enlist the pulpit and the press in our behalf. We hope this Convention will be followed by a series of Conventions, embracing every part of the country.
Firmly relying upon the final triumph of the Right and the True, we do this day affix our signatures to this declaration.
| 